On the value distribution properties of the Smarandache double-factorial function

The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary and analytic methods to study the value distribution properties of SDF(n), and give an interesting mean value formula for it

Mechanism of very high energy radiation in BL Lacertae object 3C 66A

Our goal is to understand the nature of blazars and the mechanisms for the generation of high-energy $\gamma$-rays, through the investigation of the blazar 3C 66A. We model the high energy spectrum of 3C 66A, which has been observed recently with the Fermi-LAT and VERITAS telescope. The spectrum has a hard change from the energy range of 0.2-100 GeV to 200-500 GeV in recent almost contemporaneous observations of two telescopes. The de-absorbed VERITAS spectrum greatly depends on the redshift, which is highly uncertain. If z=0.444 is adopted, we are able to use the SSC model to produce the Fermi-LAT component and the EC model to the VERITAS component. However, if z=0.1, the intrinsic VERITAS spectrum will be softer, there will be a smooth link between the Fermi-LAT and VERITAS spectra which can be explained using a SSC model.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. accepted for publication in A&

The Opposition of a Leading Akhund to Shi’a and Sufi Shaykhs in Mid-Nineteenth-Century China

This article traces the activities of Ma Dexin, a preeminent Hui Muslim scholar and grand imam (akhund) who played a leading role in the Muslim uprising in Yunnan (1856–1873). Ma harshly criticized Shi’ism and its followers, the shaykhs, in the Sufi orders in China. The intolerance of orthodox Sunnis toward Shi’ism can be explained in part by the marginalization of Hui Muslims in China and their attempts to unite and defend themselves in a society dominated by Han Chinese. An analysis of the Sunni opposition to Shi’ism that was led by Akhund Ma Dexin and the Shi’a sect’s influence among the Sufis in China help us understand the ways in which global debates in Islam were articulated on Chinese soil. Keywords: Ma Dexin, Shi’a, shaykh, Chinese Islam, Hui Muslim

Peace and Justice: Reaction of the Muslim Community in South Yunnan to Political Adversity

The Muslims who live in the Yunnan province of China strive to follow the principles advocated in the Quran, while living as a minority in a non-Islamic society. Yet the cultural mainstream of contemporary Chinese life often clashes with the core beliefs of the Islamic tradition. Therefore, the Yunnanese Muslims frequently face political pressures as they try to maintain their distinct Islamic way of life. This paper investigates the methods that Yunnanese Musilims employ to confront an adverse, political environment. Particularly their use of the values of peace and justice